ТИРОНЕТ – все о щитовидной железе Для специалистов Журнал Тиронет 2011 год № 3
Сахарный диабет и щитовидная железа
Габриела Брента
Перевод О.И. Виноградской, под редакцией В.В. Фадеева
Литература
- The fourth edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas, last updated 5-5-2011, at http://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/ composite-35.htm
- Brenta G. Diabetes and thyroid disorders. British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease 2010;10(4):172-177.
- Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M; American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28(9):2289-304.
- Cappola AR, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism and atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(6):2438-44.
- Biondi B, Cooper DS. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev 2008;29(1):76-131.
- Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Rasmussen LB, et al. Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(7):4019-24.
- Beylot M, Laville M 1994 Thyroid hormones and intermediary metabolism. In: Orgiazzi, J Leclère J, Hostalek U (Eds) The thyroid and tissues. Schattauer, Stuttgart and New York, p47-59.
- Duntas LH, Orgiazzi J, Brabant G. The Interface between thyroid and diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011 Feb 24. DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04029.
- Weinberg MB, Utter MF. Effect of thyroid hormone on the turnover of rat liver pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1979;254(19):9492-9499.
- Park EA, Jerden DC, Bahouth SW. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription by thyroid hormone involves two distinct binding sites in the promoter. Biochem J 1995;309 ( Pt 3):913-9.
- Feng X, Jiang Y, Meltzer P, Yen PM. Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic genes in vivo detected by complementary DNA microarray. Mol Endocrinol 2000;14(7):947-55.
- Weinstein SP, O'Boyle E, Fisher M, Haber RS. Regulation of GLUT2 glucose transporter expression in liver by thyroid hormone: evidence for hormonal regulation of the hepatic glucose transport system. Endocrinology 1994;135(2):649- 54.
- Klieverik LP, Janssen SF, van Riel A, et al. Thyroid hormone modulates glucose production via a sympathetic pathway from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the liver. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009;106:5966–5971.
- Torrance CJ, Usala SJ, Pessin JE, Dohm GL. Characterization of a low affinity thyroid hormone receptor binding site within the rat GLUT4 gene promoter. Endocrinology 1997;138:1215-1223.
- Viguerie N, Millet L, Avizou S, et al. Regulation of human adipocyte gene expression by thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:630-4.
- Clément K, Viguerie N, Diehn M, et al. In vivo regulation of human skeletal muscle gene expression by thyroid hormone. Genome Res 2002;12:281-91.
- Weinstein SP, O'Boyle E, Haber RS. Thyroid hormone increases basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. The role of GLUT4 glucose transporter expression. Diabetes 1994;43(10):1185-9.
- Moeller LC, Dumitrescu AM, Walker RL, et al. Thyroid hormone responsive genes in cultured human fibroblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:936-43.
- Crunkhorn S, Patti ME. Links between thyroid hormone action, oxidative metabolism, and diabetes risk? Thyroid 2008;18(2):227-37.
- Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, et al. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:8466–8471.
- Mentuccia D, Proietti-Pannunzi L, Tanner K, et al. Association between a novel variant of the human type 2 deiodinase gene Thr92Ala and insulin resistance: evidence of interaction with the Trp64Arg variant of the beta-3-adrenergic receptor. Diabetes 2002;51:880–883.
- Dora JM, Machado WE, Rheinheimer J, et al. Association of the type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism with type 2 diabetes: case-control study and meta- analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;163(3):427-34.
- Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C, et al. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hor- mone activation. Nature 2006;439:484–489.
- Chidakel A, Mentuccia D, Celi FS. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone and glucose homeostasis. Thyroid 2005;15:899-903.
- Cavallo-Perin P, Bruno A, Boine L, et al. Insulin resistance in Graves’ disease: a quantitative in-vivo evaluation. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18:607–613.
- Celsing F, Blomstrand E, Melichna J, et al. Effect of hyperthyroidism on fibre-type composition, fibre area, glycogen content and enzyme activity in human skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol 1986;6(2):171-81.
- Foss MC, Paccola GM, Saad MJ, et al. Peripheral glucose metabolism in human hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70(4):1167-72.
- Dimitriadis G, Baker B, Marsh H, et al. Effect of thyroid hormone excess on action, secretion, and metabolism of insulin in humans. Am J Physiol 1985;248:E593–E601.
- McCulloch AJ, Nosadini R, Pernet A, et al. Glucose turnover and indices of recycling in thyrotoxicosis and primary thyroid failure. Clin Sci (Lond). 1983;64(1):41-7.
- Sandler MP, Robinson RP, Rabin D, et al. The effect of thyroid hormones on gluconeogenesis and forearm metabolism in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56(3):479-85.
- Dimitriadis G, Leighton B, Vlachonokolis I, et al. Effects of hyperthyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis to insulin in the soleus muscle of the rat. Biochem J 1988;253: 87–92.
- Randin J, Scarriga B. Jequier F, Felber J. Studies of glucose and lipid metabolism and continues indirect calorimetry in Graves’ disease: effect of an oral glucose load. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:1165–1171.
- Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P, Lambadiari V, et al. Insulin- stimulated rates of glucose uptake in muscle in hyperthyroidism: the importance of blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2413-2415.
- Shen DC, Davidson MB, Kuo SW, Sheu WH Peripheral and hepatic insulin antagonism in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66(3):565-9.
- Laville M, Riou JP, Bougneres PF, et al. Glucose metabolism in experimental hyperthyroidism: intact in vivo sensitivity to insulin with abnormal binding and increased glucose turnover. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58(6):960-5.
- Mitrou P, Boutati E, Lambadiari V, et al. Insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism: the role of IL6 and TNF alpha. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162(1):121-6.
- Dimitriadis GD, Raptis SA Thyroid hormone excess and glucose intolerance. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001;109 Suppl 2:S225-39.
- Randin JP, Tappy L, Scazziga B, et al. Insulin sensitivity and exogenous insulin clearance in Graves' dis- ease. Measurement by the glucose clamp technique and continuous indirect calorimetry. Diabetes 1986; 35(2): 178-81.
- Lenzen S, Kücking H. Inhibition of insulin secretion by L-thyroxine and thyroxine treatment in rats under the influence of drugs affecting the adrenergic nervous system. Acta Endocrinologica 1982;100:527-533.
- Ximenes HM, Lortz S, Jörns A, et al. Triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated toxicity and induction of apoptosis in insulin-producing INS-1 cells. Life Sci 2007;80:2045-50.
- Dimitriadis G, Hatziagelaki E, Mitrou P, et al. Effect of hyperthyroidism on clearance and secretion of glucagon in man. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2011;119(4):214-7.
- Heemstra KA, Smit JW, Eustatia-Rutten CF, et al. Glucose tolerance and lipid profile in longterm exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism and the effects of restoration of euthyroidism, a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:737-744.
- Yavuz DG, Yüksel M, Deyneli O, et al. Association of serum paraoxonase activity with insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress in hyperthyroid and TSH- suppressed nodular goitre patients. Clinical Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004;61:515-521.
- Maratou E, Hadjidakis DJ, Peppa M, et al. Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;163:625-630.
- Rezzonico J, Niepomniszcze H, Rezzonico M, et al. The Association of Insulin Resistance with Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid (in press) DOI 10.1089/thy.2010.0402.
- Czech MP, Malbon CC, Kerman K, et al. Effect of thyroid status on insulin action in rat adipocytes and skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 1980;66:574-582.
- Dimitriadis GD, Leighton B, Parry-Billings M, et al. Effects of hypothyroidism on the sensitivity of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis to insulin in the soleus muscle of the rat. Biochem J 1989;257(2):369-73.
- Dimitriadis G, Parry-Billings M, Bevan S, et al. The effects of insulin on transport and metabolism of glu- cose in skeletal muscle from hypothyroid rats. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27:475-483.
- Dubaniewicz A, Kaciuba-Usciłko H, Nazar K, Budohoski L Sensitivity of the soleus muscle to insulin in resting and exercising rats with experimental hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Biochem J 1989;263(1):243-7.
- McCulloch AJ, Johnston DG, Baylis PH, et al. Evidence that thyroid hormones regulate gluconeogenesis from glycerol in man. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1983;19(1):67-76.
- Cettour-Rose P, Theander-Carrillo C, Asensio C, et al. Hypothyroidism in rats decreases peripheral glucose utilization, a defect partially corrected by central leptin infusion. Diabetologia 2005;48:624–633.
- Dimitriadis G, Mitrou P, Lambadiari V, et al. Insulin action in adipose tissue and muscle in hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4930- 4937.
- Handisurya A, Pacini G, Tura A, et al. Effects of thyroxine replacement therapy on glucose metabolism in subjects with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;69(6):963-9.
- Okajima F, Ui M. Metabolism of glucose in hyper and hypothyroid rats in vivo. Glucose turnover values and futile cycle activities obtained with 14 C and 3H labelled glucose. Biochem J 1979;182:565-575.
- Brenta G, Celi FS, Pisarev M, et al. Acute thyroid hormone withdrawal in athyreotic patients results in a state of insulin resistance. Thyroid 2009;19:665-669.
- Rochon C, Tauveron I, Dejax C, et al. Response of glucose disposal to hyperinsulinaemia in human hypo- thyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Clin Sci (Lond). 2003;104(1):7-15.
- Stanická S, Vondra K, Pelikánová T, et al. Insulin sensitivity and counter-regulatory hormones in hypothyroidism and during thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:715-720.
- Owecki M, Nikisch E, Sowiński J. Hypothyroidism has no impact on insulin sensitivity assessed with HOMA-IR in totally thyroidectomized patients. Acta Clin Belg 2006;61:69-73.
- Harris PE, Walker M, Clark F, et al. Forearm muscle metabolism in primary hypothyroidism. Eur J of Clin Invest 1993;23:585–588.
- Lenzen, S, Bailey, CJ. Thyroid hormones, gonadal and adrenocortical steroids and the function of the islets of Langerhans. Endocr Rev 1984;5:411-434.
- Dessein PH, Joffe BI & Stanwix AE. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with insulin resistance in rheumatoid arthritis. Thyroid 2004;14:443–446.
- Tuzcu A, Bahceci M, Gokalp D, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with elevated high- sensitive c-reactive protein (low grade inflammation) and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Endocr J 2005;52(1):89-94.
- Al Sayed A, Al Ali N, Bo Abbas Y, Alfadhli E. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with early insulin resistance in Kuwaiti women. Endocrine Journal 2006;53:653–657.
- Brenta G, Berg G, Arias P, et al. Lipoprotein alterations, hepatic lipase activity, and insulin sensitivity in subclinical hypothyroidism: response to L-T4 treatment. Thyroid 2007;17:453–460.
- Dittmar M, Kahaly GJ. Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes: immunogenetics and long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2983–9.
- Barker JM. Clinical review: type 1 diabetes-associated autoimmunity: natural history, genetic associations, and screen- ing J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91: 1210–7.
- Umpierrez GE, Latif KA, Murphy MB, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1181–5.
- Warren RE, Perros P, Nyirenda MJ & Frier BM. Serum thyrotropin is a better predictor of future thyroid dysfunction than thyroid autoantibody status in biochemically euthyroid patients with diabetes: implications for screening. Thyroid 2004 14 853–857.
- Ramasamy V, Kadiyala R, Fayyaz F, et al. Value of baseline serum thyrotropin as a predictor of hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes mel- litus. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(1):26-32.
- Okosieme O, Wijeyaratne C, Lazarus J, Premawardhana L. Restricted thyroglobulin antibody epitope specificities in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(3):489-93.
- Villano MJ, Huber AK, Greenberg DA, et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes: dissecting the joint genetic susceptibility in a large cohort of multiplex families. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009; 94(4): 1458-66.
- Pearce SH, Merriman TR. Genetics of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2009; 38: 289–301.
- Perros P, McCrimmon RJ, Shaw G, et al. Frequency of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients: value of annual screening. Diabet Med. 1995;12:622-627.
- Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, et al. Other complications and associated conditions with diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes 2009;10:204–210.
- Gerstein HC. Incidence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118 (6):419-23.
- Okosieme OE, Marx H, Lazarus JH. Medical management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and the postpartum. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008;9(13):2281-93.
- Kadiyala R, Peter R, Okosieme OE. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes: clinical implications and screening strategies. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(8):1130-9.
- American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2008. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 Suppl 1:S12-S54.
- Chubb SA, Davis WA, Inman Z. Prevalence and progression of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62:480-486.
- Ishay A, Chertok-Shaham I, Lavi I, Luboshitzky R. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15(4):CR151-5.
- Gambelunghe G., Forini F., Laureti S., et al. Increased risk for endocrine autoimmunity in Italian type 2 diabetic patients with GAD65 autoantibodies. Clinical Endocrinol 2000;52:565–573.
- Libman IM, Sun K, Foley TP, Becker DJ. Thyroid autoimmunity in children with features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2008;9:266-71.
- Jin P, Huang G, Lin J, et al. High titre of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody is a strong predictor of the development of thyroid autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74(5):587-92.
- Potenza M, Via MA, Yanagisawa RT. Excess thyroid hormone and carbohydrate metabolism. Endocr Pract 2009;15(3):254-62.
- Mohn A, Di Michele S, Di Luzio R, et al. The effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on metabolic control in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2002;19(1):70-3.
- Chen HS, Wu TE, Jap TS, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a risk factor for nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 2007;24(12):1336-44.
- Yang JK, Liu W, Shi J, Li YB. An association between subclinical hypothyroidism and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2010;33(5):1018-20.
- Chubb SAP, Davis WA, Davis TME. Subclinical hypothyroidism and mortality in women with type 2 diabetes. Clinical Endocrinology, 64, 474–477.
- Sathyapalan T, Manuchehri AM, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):e37.
- Gussekloo J, van Exel E, de Craen AJ, et al. Thyroid status, disability and cognitive function, and survival in old age. JAMA 2004; 292 (21):2591- 9.
- Haentjens P, Van Meerhaeghe A, Poppe K, Velkeniers B. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and mortality: an estimate of relative and absolute excess all-cause mortality based on time-to-event data from cohort studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159(3):329-41.
- Shantha GP, Kumar AA, Jeyachandran V, et al. Association between primary hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome and the role of C reactive protein: a cross- sectional study from South India. Thyroid Res 2009; 2 (1):1- 7.
- Uzunlulu M, Yorulmaz E, Oğuz A. Prevalance of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Endocr Journal 2007; 54: 71-76.
- Garduño-Garcia Jde J, Alvirde-Garcia U, López-Carrasco G, et al. TSH and free thyroxine concentrations are associated with differing metabolic markers in euthyroid subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(2):273-8.
- Erdogan M, Canataroglu A, Ganidagli S, Kulaksızoglu M. Metabolic syndrome prevelance in subclinic and overt hypothyroid patients and the relation among metabolic syndrome parameters. J Endocrinol Invest 2010 DOI: 10.3275/7202.
- Liu C, Scherbaum WA, Schott M, Schinner S. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2011;43(6):417-21.
- Ruhla S, Weickert MO, Arafat AM, et al. A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;72(5):696-701.
- Park HT, Cho GJ, Ahn KH, et al. Thyroid stimulating hormone is associated with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid post- menopausal women. Maturitas 2009;62(3):301-5.
- Roos A, Bakker SJ, Links TP, et al. Thyroid function is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(2):491-6.
- Mueller A, Schöfl C, Dittrich R, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone is associated with insulin resistance independently of body mass index and age in women with polycystic ovary syndrome Human Reproduction 2009; 24: 2924–2930.
- Asvold BO, Bjøro T, Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ. Association between blood pressure and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration within the reference range: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92 (3): 841-5.
- Chubb SA, Davis WA, Davis TM. Interactions among thyroid function, insulin sensitivity, and serum lipid concentrations: the Fremantle diabetes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90(9):5317-20.
- Bakker S, Maaten JC, Popp-Snijders C, et al. The Relationship between Thyrotropin and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Is Modified by Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Euthyroid Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1206-1211.
- Liu C, Scherbaum WA, Schott M, Schinner S. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res 2011;43(6):417-21.
- Amati F, Dubé JJ, Stefanovic-Racic M, et al. Improvements in insulin sensitivity are blunted by subclinical hypothyroidism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(2):265-9.
- Kowalska I, Borawski J, Nikołajuk A, et al. Insulin sensitivity, plasma adiponectin and sICAM-1 concentrations in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: response to levothyroxine therapy. Endocrine 2011 DOI 10.1007/s12020-011-9446-5.
- Cappelli C, Rotondi M, Pirola I, et al. TSH-lowering effect of metformin in type 2 diabetic patients: differences between euthyroid, untreated hypothyroid, and euthyroid on L-T4 therapy patients. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (9):1589-90.
- Vigersky RA, Filmore-Nassar A, Glass AR. Thyrotropin suppression by metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(1):225-7.
- Rotondi M, Cappelli C, Magri F, et al. Thyroidal effect of metformin treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011 DOI 10.1111/ j.1365-2265.2011.04042.
- Godsland IF. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in the development and progression of cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 118: 315–32.
- Jalving M, Gietema JA, Lefrandt JD, et al. Metformin: taking away the candy for cancer? Eur J Cancer 2010; 46 (13): 2369-80.
- Rezzonico J, Rezzonico M, Pusiol E, et al. Introducing the thyroid gland as another victim of the insulin resistance syndrome. Thyroid 2008;18(4):461-4.
- Gursoy A, Kut A, Anil C, et al. Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volumen and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 161: 599-605.
- Rezzónico JN, Rezzónico M, Pusiol E, et al. Increased prevalence of insulin resistance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009;7(4):375-80.